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| 1541 |
| | | Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India | |
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| 1547 |
| | | Hungary is divided, by agreement between the Turkish sultan Suleiman I and the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I | |
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| 1555 |
| | | Civil war within India enables Humayun to win a battle at Sirhind and recover the Mughal throne | |
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| 1556 |
| | | Humayun dies and Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, inherits the throne at the age of thirteen | |
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| 1557 |
| | | Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul | |
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| 1571 |
| | | Akbar builds his new palace of Fatehpur Sikri close to the shrine of a Sufi saint | |
|  | Fatehpur Sikri, diwan-i-khas
Fotofile CG
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| 1571 |
| | | Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto | |
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| 1573 |
| | | The tomb in Delhi of the Mughal emperor Humayun introduces the shape of dome which characterizes his dynasty's architecture | |
|  | Humayun tomb, Delhi
Fotofile CG
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| 1574 |
| | | The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates | |
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